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The pepin et Al. (2004) study mentioned earlier also indicated the risk of CDI associated with the use of cephalosporin antibiotics during the period 1999 to 2003. for the first generation cephalosporins, there were 30 cases out of 12,779 patient days in 1999 to 2000, 35 out of 13,633 patients days in 2001 to 2002, and 74 out of 8,412 patient days in 2003. (recall from chapter 5 that a patient day is one patient occupying one bed for a one hospital day if one patient stayed in hospital for an entire year that patient would accrue 365 patient days ). for the second generation cephalosporin there were 55 cases out of 13,984 patient days in 1999 to 2000, 36 out of 12,224 patient days in 2001 to 2002 and 92 out of 5639 patient days in 2003 . for third generation cephalosporins. There were 18 cases out of 6786 patient days in 1999 to 2034 out of 7390 patient days in 2001 to 2002 and 72 out of 3687 patient days in 2003 . with a narrow-spectrum penicillin, there were 28 cases out of 19,908 patient days in 1999 to 2000, 25 cases out of 20,597 patient days in 2001 to 2002 and 53 cases out of 10,751 patient days in 2003 Please answer questions 29 to 31 and please explain and provide calculations of working out to the question. Thank you Questions: 29 how do you calculate the rate of C.diff infections per 1000 patient days of antibiotic use for the three periods (1999 to 2000, 2001 to 2002 and 2003)? 30. What is the relative risk of C. diff infection in 2003 compared with 1999 to 2000 for the first , second and third generation cephalosporins? 31. Recalling the discussion of those response relationship in chapter 10, what might explain the dose-response relationship in the later versus earlier generation cephalosporin?
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400 Managerial Epidemiology nolegal EXHIBIT A.3 Exposed and Exposed Cases . Nonexposed Cases Nonexposed
Cases 28 35 29 50 46 58 55 47 40 38 49 49 10 13 COPD Diabetes Cancer Cardiovascular Neurologic Gastric
ulcer/gastritis Fluid /electrolyte Any cephalosporins Psychosis and depression Any fluoroquinolones Hi… Show more
There is no reference at the end of the question
SCIENCE
HEALTH SCIENCE
NURSING
CHP 461/561
