solved. Question
Answered step-by-step
Asked by MinisterWallabyPerson919
Nursing questions:
Discusion
1. Imagine yourself working in a program with teenage individuals. What are some ways to discuss healthy relationships while being aware of the risks of sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy, and rape?Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
references:
1 :Â https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C63Xn–i13o&t=8s
2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFDatCchpus&t=2s
3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtrynEEffMw
4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEffOROmkbQ
5: Reproductive Health
Birth Control vs. Contraception
Percentage of U.S. Women Ages 15-44Â
Using Contraception and Reasons
Figure 5-1 Percentage distribution of women aged 15 to 49 years, by currentÂ
contraceptive status: United States, 2015-2017.
Data from Daniels, K., Abma, J.C. (2018). Current contraceptive status among women aged 15-49: United States, 2015-2017. NCHS Data Brief, no 327.Â
Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db327-H.pdf
Â
Â
Legal Perspectives of BirthÂ
Control• Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
• Mandated coverage for contraception forÂ
federal employees via an act of CongressÂ
(1998)
• All new health insurance plans must cover allÂ
FDA-approved methods of birth control,Â
sterilization, and related education andÂ
counseling without cost sharing (2010).
Â
Â
Race and Religion Also InfluenceÂ
Contraception Use
Figure 5-3 Percentage of all womenÂ
aged 15-49 who were currently usingÂ
female sterilization, oral contraceptiveÂ
pill, male condom, or LARCs, byÂ
Hispanic origin and race: UnitedÂ
States, 2015-2017.
Data from National Health Statistics Reports. National Survey of FamilyÂ
Growth, 2015-2017. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/Â
databriefs/db327.htm
Â
Â
Â
Fertility Awareness Methods
“Free, no equipment necessary, but notÂ
reliable”
Calendar method
• Avoidance of intercourse during fertile time of month byÂ
calculating time of ovulationÂ
Basal body temperature
• Fertility cycle related to changes in basal bodyÂ
temperature
Cervical mucus or ovulation method
• Fertility cycle related to variations in type of cervicalÂ
mucus
Â
Â
Pros vs. Cons of FertilityÂ
Awareness Methods
Pros Cons
â‘ No side effects
â‘ Used by anyone
â‘ Cost-effective
â‘ Limited effectiveness
â‘ Need to abstain fromÂ
sexual intercourseÂ
certain days/month
â‘ No protection fromÂ
STIs
Â
Â
Birth Control Pills
• Most commonly usedÂ
form of contraceptive
• 99% effective
• Suppresses aÂ
woman’sÂ
reproductiveÂ
hormone cycle
One type of birth control pills.
© Christy Thompson/Shutterstock
Â
Â
Oral Contraceptives
Used by 16% of women aged 15-44 years
Pros Cons
â‘ Lighter and less painfulÂ
periods
â‘ Reduced PMSÂ
symptoms
â‘ Improved skin
â‘ Protection againstÂ
ovarian and endometrialÂ
cancers, ovarian cysts,Â
benign breast disease,Â
and PID
â‘ Mood changes
â‘ Spotting
â‘ Weight changes
â‘ Drug interactionsÂ
â‘ Decreased libido
â‘ Headaches
â‘ Fluid retention
â‘ Health risks for someÂ
women
Â
Â
Hormone Delivery Methods
Depo-Provera
• Injectable progestin every 3 months
Contraceptive patch (Xulane)
• Patch worn on skin for 1-week intervals; fourth week isÂ
patch-free
NuvaRing
• Flexible, plastic ring inserted into the upper vagina andÂ
worn for 3 weeks; removed during week ofÂ
menstruation
Â
Â
Barrier Methods (1 of 5)
Spermicides
Figure 5-4 Spermicidal agents.
Â
Â
Barrier Methods (2 of 5)
Diaphragm, cervical cap
• Dome-shaped latex cup sealing cervix
Figure 5-5 Diaphragm Figure 5-6 Cervical cap.
Â
Â
Barrier Methods (3 of 5)
Condoms
Figure 5-7 Condom use
Â
Â
Barrier Methods (4 of 5)
Female condoms
• Polyurethane sheath lining entire vagina and externalÂ
genitals
Figure 5-8 The internal condom.
Â
Â
Barrier Methods (5 of 5)
Pros Cons
• Condoms offer protectionÂ
from STIs.
• Can be used as backupÂ
for pill users (or with otherÂ
methods)
• Can be used for the shortÂ
or long term
• Small risk of bacterialÂ
infection or toxic shockÂ
syndrome for diaphragm,Â
sponge, and cervical cap
• Must be used properly
• May have higher long-
term costs
Â
Â
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
• Small object insertedÂ
by clinician into aÂ
woman’s uterus
• Effectiveness isÂ
superior to that of pills,Â
patch, or ring
An IUD is a small object placed in theÂ
uterus through the cervix by aÂ
clinician.Â
© Spike Mafford/Photodisc/Thinkstock
Â
Â
Permanent Methods
Female sterilization
• Tubal ligation = fallopian tubes cut and tied
– Laparoscopic sterilization
– Minilaparotomy
– Essure
Male sterilization
• Vasectomy = vas deferens cut and tied
Â
Â
Other Forms of Contraception
Abstinence
• No penis-in-vagina intercourse
Withdrawal
• Coitus interruptus
Breastfeeding
• Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM)
Â
Â
Emergency Contraception (EC)
• NOT the same as RU-486, otherwise known asÂ
“the abortion pill”
• Use of high-dose birth control pills taken withinÂ
72 hours of unprotected sex
• Plan B = progestin-only form of emergencyÂ
contraception
• ella = another form of emergency contraceptionÂ
available by prescription
Â
Â
Â
Failure Rates
A failure rate is the chance that the averageÂ
couple using a given birth control method willÂ
become pregnant in a given year.
• Failure rates can be either for “perfect use” (idealÂ
conditions) or “actual use” (failure rate in the real world)
• Failure rates range from less than 1% to 30%.
• Condoms, sponges, and diaphragms have the largestÂ
difference between these rates.
Â
Â
Contraceptive Failure
• High rates of effectiveness—oralÂ
contraceptives, hormone injectables andÂ
implants, IUDs, condoms, vaginal hormonalÂ
ring, hormone patch, sterilization
• Lower rates of effectiveness—diaphragms,Â
cervical caps, sponges, spermicidal agents,Â
fertility awareness methods, rhythm method,Â
withdrawal
Â
Â
Handling an UnplannedÂ
Pregnancy
• Adoption—can be “open” or “closed”; privateÂ
or public
• Abortion
Â
Â
Abortion
A controversial issue of debate or a very commonÂ
medical procedure?
…both, actually
Abortion continues to be one of the greatestÂ
debates in American society.Â
© Rena Schild/Shutterstock
Â
Â
Perspectives on Abortion (1 of 2)
Why do women choose abortions?
• Pregnancy would reduce a woman’s ability to work,Â
finish school, or care for others.
• Cannot afford a(nother) baby
• Relationship issues or not wanting to be a singleÂ
mother
• Completed childbearing
• Not ready for a(nother) child
• Did not want people to know she was pregnant or hadÂ
sex
Â
Â
Perspectives on Abortion (2 of 2)
Characteristics of U.S. abortion patients
• More than half are in their 20s; women ages 20 to 24Â
have the highest rates.
• 36% are non-Hispanic White, 30% are non-HispanicÂ
Black, 25% are Hispanic, and 9% are other races.
• Six in ten already have one child.
• Three in ten have two or more children.
• Women in poverty have more abortions than wealthyÂ
women.
Â
Â
Abortion Procedures
Surgical abortion
• Vacuum curettage
• Dilation and curettage (D&C)
• Dilation and evacuation (D&E)
Medical abortion (“abortion with pills”)
• Mifepristone, misoprostol (RU-486)
Â
Â
Global Perspectives
Motherhood continues to be a major risk to life andÂ
health in the developing world (most of Asia, Africa,Â
and Latin America)
Â
Â
Informed Decision Making
If you want to prevent pregnancy
• Review your and your partner’s needs
• Personal medical history
• Review failure rates
• Risks and benefits of method
• Reevaluate periodically
6:Â Sexual Health
Sexual Health Defined:
“A state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-
being related to sexuality; it is not merely the absence ofÂ
disease, dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires aÂ
positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexualelationships, as well as the possibility of havingÂ
pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free ofÂ
coercion, discrimination, and violence. For sexual healthÂ
to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of allÂ
persons must be respected, protected, and fulfilled.”
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2006). Defining Sexual Health. Report of a technical consultation on sexual health 28-31 JanuaryÂ
2002, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/en/
Â
Â
Perspectives on Sexual HealthÂ
and Sexuality (1 of 4)
Cultural and religious dimensions
• “Marriage” is universal theme in all culturesÂ
sanctioning sexual privileges and obligations.Â
• Sexual behavior is often defined by cultural values.
– Normative sex roles
– Acceptable types of sexual activity
– Sanctions/prohibitions on sexual behavior
– Premarital sex
– Sexual restraint for females
– Same-sex relationships
– Contraception decision making
Â
Â
Perspectives on Sexual HealthÂ
and Sexuality (2 of 4)
Economic dimensions
• Daughter in marriage = dowry
• Value of bride = virginity
• Sexual aggression = power and economicÂ
dynamics
• Commercial sex industry/prostitution
Â
Â
Perspectives on Sexual HealthÂ
and Sexuality (3 of 4)
Legal dimensions
• Laws prohibiting certain types of sexualÂ
behavior/intimacy—cohabitation, fornication,Â
sodomy
• Same-sex partners
• Marriage, annulment, separation, divorce, childÂ
custody, child support
Â
Â
Perspectives on Sexual HealthÂ
and Sexuality (4 of 4)
Political dimensions
• Sex education in schools
– Abstinence-only until marriage programs
– Comprehensive or abstinence-plus programs
Â
Â
Class Discussion
What are some current national or internationalÂ
news items related to:
• The commercial sex industry or prostitution?
• Marriages between same-sex partners?
• Sex education curricula in schools?
Â
Â
Sexual Behavior amongÂ
Youth in the United States
Figure 4-1 Sexual behaviors among U.S. youth, 2017.Â
Data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States 2017. Surveillance Summaries. Morbidity and MortalityÂ
Weekly Report 67(SS-8):1-114
Â
Â
Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity
Sex: An individual’s biological status (male, female,Â
intersex): anatomy, chromosomes, and biologicalÂ
characteristics
Gender: The economic, social, and cultural attributesÂ
and opportunities associated with being masculine,Â
feminine, or a combination of both
Gender identity: An individual’s personal subjectiveÂ
sense of being male, female, or somewhere in between
Â
Â
Homologous Sex Structures
Figure 4-3 External genital differentiation-male and female.
Â
Â
Definitions (1 of 2)
Intersex
• A person who is born with sex chromosomes, externalÂ
genitalia, or internal reproductive organs notÂ
considered “standard” as male or female
Gender expression
• The way a person acts to communicate gender withinÂ
a given culture, such as clothing and interests
Androgyny
• Having characteristics of both sexes, but appearingÂ
gender neutral
Â
Â
Definitions (2 of 2)
Transgender
• Umbrella term for anyone whose biological sex is notÂ
aligned with the person’s sense of self or genderÂ
identity
Gender dysphoria
• Psychological term used to describe a strong andÂ
persistent cross-gender identification
Transitioning
• Process in which transgender people work to changeÂ
their appearance and societal identity to match theirÂ
gender identity
Â
Â
Class Discussion (1)
• What are some of the challenges faced byÂ
transgender people? As individuals? InÂ
school? In social situations? In various publicÂ
places?Â
• What are some possible solutions to theseÂ
challenges?
Â
Â
Sexual Stereotypes: Discussion
• Women are undersexed and men are oversexed.
• Women are inexperienced and men are experts.
• Women are recipients and men are initiators.
• Women are controllers and men are movers.
• Women are nurturing and supportive, and men areÂ
strong and unemotional.
• Women are sensitive and men are insensitive.
• Women are dependent and men are independent.
• Women are passive and men are aggressive.
Â
Â
Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation refers to one’s sexual andÂ
romantic attraction to other people, whether theÂ
attraction is to members of the opposite sex, theÂ
same sex, or both sexes.Â
• Opposite sex = heterosexual
• Same sex = gay, lesbian, homosexual
• Both sexes = bisexual
Issues
• Homophobia
• Profiling
• Discrimination in medical care
Â
Â
External Female Sexual Anatomy
Figure 4-4 External female sexual anatomy.
Â
Â
Internal Female Sexual Anatomy
Figure 4-6 Internal female sexual anatomy.
Â
Â
Common Problems Related withÂ
Menstruation
• Dysmenorrhea
– Painful menstrual flow
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
– Group of symptoms linked to menstrual cycle
• Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
– Severe form of PMS
• Amenorrhea
– Lack of menstrual flow
Â
Â
Physical Health and the Well-
Woman Exam
Exam steps
• Medical history
• General physical examination
– Breast examination and pelvic examination
• Pelvic examination
– Phase I = external examination
– Phase II = use of speculum; collection ofÂ
specimensÂ
– Phase III = bimanual examination
Â
Â
Sexual ArousalÂ
and Sexual Response
Masters and Johnson: Female SexualÂ
Response Cycle
Four Phases
1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution
Figure 4-7 Masters and Johnson’s model lists threeÂ
variations among women in the sexual response cycle.
Â
Â
Forms of Sexual Expression
• Traditional heterosexual positions
• Masturbation
• Petting
• Oral-genital stimulation (cunnilingus, fellatio)
• Anal intercourse
• Use of sex toys and accessories
Â
Â
Sexuality Through the Life Span (1 of 4)
Childhood
• Self-genitalÂ
stimulation
• Engage in play thatÂ
may be viewed asÂ
sexual in nature
• Curious aboutÂ
secondary sexÂ
characteristics
Children are innately interested in their bodies.Â
© Asiaselects/Getty Images
Â
Â
Sexuality Through the Life Span (2 of 4)
Adolescence
• Puberty
– Secondary sex characteristicsÂ
o Hair growth, breast budding, vaginal wallsÂ
thicken, uterus enlarges, vaginal pHÂ
increases in acidity
– Menarche
o About 2 years after breasts start to developÂ
and by the age of 15
Â
Â
Sexuality Through the Life Span (3 of 4)
Young to middle adulthood
• Increasing number of single, sexually active adults
• Marriage at later age
• Increase in the number of women who never marry
• Placing career goals and advanced educationÂ
before marriage
• Increased divorce rate
• Increase in cohabitating adults
• Increase in the number of women who no longerÂ
depend on marriage to ensure economic stability
Â
Â
Sexuality Through the Life Span(4 of 4)
Older adulthood
• Climacteric—physiological changes that occurÂ
during period from female fertility to infertility
• Menopause—cessation of menstruation
– Vaginal dryness and thinning, delayedÂ
lubrication, hot flashesÂ
• Decline in frequency and intensity of sexualÂ
activity
• Quality vs. quantity of sexual expression
Â
Â
Sexual Dysfunction
• Prevalence
– About 44% of U.S. women report sexual problems,Â
with low desire being the most commons sexualÂ
problem (38.7%).
• Historically called “frigidity”
• Areas of dysfunction
– Sexual desire disorders
– Sexual arousal disorders
– Orgasmic disorders
– Sexual pain disorders
Â
Â
Sex Research
Well-known studies
• Kinsey Report (1948 and 1953)
– Factors affecting sexual behavior in males/females
• Masters and Johnson (1966)
– Sexual response cycle phases
• Redbook Survey (1977)
– Sexual behavior and attitudes of American women
• Hite Report (1976)
– Sexual practices of American women
• Blumstein and Schwartz (1983)
– Sexual and nonsexual components of relationships
• ABC Primetime Poll (2004)
– Found most Americans were monogamous and happy about it
Â
Â
Class Discussion (2)
How do definitions of terms like “virginity” or “premarital”Â
complicate sexual health research?
Communication contributesÂ
greatly to the satisfaction ofÂ
an intimate relationship.Â
© Iofoto/Dreamstime.com
Â
Â
Sexual Violence as aÂ
Public Health Problem
Types of sexual violence• Sexual assault and rape
• Female genital mutilation (FGM)
• Forced sterilization
Â
Â
Informed Decision Making
• Gynecological checkup
• Understanding personal feelings, thoughtsÂ
about sexual well-being
• Understanding the medical languageÂ
associated with sexual health
• Understanding responsible sexual behavior
• Understanding myth vs. fact
• Communication between parents and children
• Knowledge of healthcare resources
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
Â
SCIENCE
HEALTH SCIENCE
NURSING
NUR 351