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Provide a title to the following paragraph. Stigmatization of diseases can vary greatly depending on cultural, social, and economic factors. In Ethiopia, some of the most stigmatized diseases include HIV/AIDS, leprosy, and mental health disorders (Deribew et al., 2010; Tarekegn et al., 2015; Shibre et al., 2001). HIV/AIDS: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune system fight off infections. If left untreated, HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells in the body, making the person more likely to get infections or infection-related cancers. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body cannot fight off infections and disease. This stage of HIV infection is AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), the last stage of HIV infection when the body can no longer defend itself. HIV/AIDS is a disease that is highly stigmatized in Ethiopia. The stigma arises from misconceptions about how the disease is transmitted, with many people incorrectly believing that it can be spread through casual contact. Additionally, there is a societal association of HIV/AIDS with promiscuity, which further contributes to the stigma (Deribew et al., 2010). This can lead to discrimination and social exclusion of people living with HIV/AIDS. Leprosy: Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. Leprosy is known to occur at all ages, ranging from early infancy to ancient age. Leprosy is curable, and early treatment averts most disabilities. Leprosy is another disease that carries a significant stigma in Ethiopia. This is mainly due to the visible physical deformities that it can cause, such as skin lesions and nerve damage. Historically, leprosy has been associated with sin and punishment, which adds to the stigma (Tarekegn et al., 2015). People with leprosy may be ostracized or treated as outcasts due to these misconceptions. Mental Health Disorders: Mental health disorders encompass a wide range of conditions that affect mood, thinking, and behavior. These conditions can include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders, and addictive behaviors. Many people have mental health concerns from time to time, but a mental health concern becomes a mental illness when ongoing signs and symptoms cause frequent stress and affect the ability to function. Mental health disorders can be managed with a combination of medications and counseling (psychotherapy). Mental health disorders are also stigmatized in Ethiopia. This is primarily due to a lack of understanding about these conditions. Many people fear what they do not understand, and this fear can lead to the social exclusion of those with mental health disorders (Shibre et al., 2001). The stigma can also prevent people from seeking help for their mental health issues, which can exacerbate their conditions.
SCIENCE
HEALTH SCIENCE
NURSING

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