SOLVED1843

rephrase: Associations can be either spurious or real, with real associations indicating a genuine relationship that may be causal. Causality involves the relationship between a causal factor/exposure and a health outcome. Causal relationships can be direct or indirect, depending on the presence of intermediate steps in the causal pathway. Furthermore, concepts like necessary and sufficient, necessary but not sufficient, sufficient but not necessary, and neither sufficient nor necessary help understand the role of factors in causing diseases. In causal associations, the strength of the association measured by relative risk, dose-response relationship, and the replication of findings are important characteristics to consider when determining causality. These factors help researchers assess the validity and strength of the relationship between exposure and outcome in epidemiological studies.
SCIENCE
HEALTH SCIENCE
NURSING

******CLICK ORDER NOW BELOW AND OUR WRITERS WILL WRITE AN ANSWER TO THIS ASSIGNMENT OR ANY OTHER ASSIGNMENT, DISCUSSION, ESSAY, HOMEWORK OR QUESTION YOU MAY HAVE. OUR PAPERS ARE PLAGIARISM FREE*******."