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1. What is the precordium? What structures are located in the mediastinum? 

2. What landmarks indicate the position of the heart in the chest? 

3. Review the location and functions of the great vessels: Aorta, inferior and superior vena cavae, pulmonary artery and veins. 

4. Describe the layers of the heart. 

5. Review the direction of blood flow through the heart, naming all of the heart valves. 

6. Where is the base of the heart? Where is the apex? 

7. Distinguish between the S1 and S2 heart sounds. Which valves close to cause each sound? Where is each sound heard the loudest? 

9. List risk factors for heart disease. How can some of these risks be modified? 

a. Which ethnic group has the highest incidence of hypertension? 

10. Review the questions used to obtain subjective data related to heart problems and be prepared to conduct an interview in class for the patient that will be described below. 

a. Chest pain: What are typical characteristics of pain caused by cardiac problems? 

b. Dyspnea: Describe paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 

c. Orthopnea 

d. Cough 

e. Fatigue: What is the significance of the timing of fatigue? 

f. Cyanosis or pallor 

g. Edema 

h. Nocturia: Why can this indicate heart dysfunction? 

i. Cardiac history 

j. Medications 

k. Family cardiac history 

l. Personal habit

11. Betty is a 62-year-old teacher, who has noticed that she becomes more and more tired as the day goes on, and that she sometimes feels that it is hard for her to catch her breath. She occasionally experiences some mild upper back pain. How would you interview Betty to determine whether her symptoms are cardiac related?

13. List the possible changes that in the heart and cardiac function that can occur in the aging adult. 

14. Become familiar with the auscultatory areas on the precordium, and identify which valve sounds are best heard in these areas. (Possible NCLEX question.) 

15. What causes a heart murmur? What would it sound like? What is the correct way to assess for a murmur? 

16. Describe the expected assessment findings for a patient heart failure. 

SCIENCE
HEALTH SCIENCE
NURSING

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