My edit my draft below. According to Bates (2021), the cardiovascular examination entails prope. Question
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My edit my draft below.
According to Bates (2021), the cardiovascular examination entails proper inspection, palpation, and auscultation. Many issues can be ruled out, such as chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, edema, myocardial infraction, or syncope, which are all associated with heart conditions.
One way to monitor if the heart is functioning properly is to assess the blood pressure. The blood pressure can be affected by cardiac output, the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle, which is the product of the heart rate and stroke volume. Furthermore, the assessment of the neck veins, especially the jugular venous pressure (JVP), is critical. The JVP reflects the right atrial pressure, which equals central venous pressure and right ventricular end diastolic pressure (Bates, 2021). An elevated JVP is correlated with both acute and chronic heart failure. Another important assessment is of the carotid arteries, to palpate and auscultate for any abnormality, such as decreased pulsations due to stroke volume or narrowing due to atherosclerosis or occlusion, which can cause a bruit sound.
The first thing is the inspection of the chest wall for any abnormalities. Identify the anatomical location of the heart is important for the proper assessment. Observe for pulsations, due to underlying ventricular enlargement or aortic aneurysm; a powerful apex beat may be visible. Also, palpate the chest to determine the apex beat’s location and to detect heaves or thrills (Bates, 2021). Heaves are usually seen in the 5th intercostal space near the midclavicular line in healthy people. If there are heaves, the practitioner should be able to feel the heel of his or her hand elevated with each systole. The sensation of a thrill is created by turbulent blood flow through the heart valve. Furthermore, auscultation is essential for every practitioner, in order to hear the heart sounds and murmurs. There is variation of heart sounds, bradycardia, tachycardia, or a persistent splitting sound, which results from a delay in the closure of the pulmonic valve or early closure of the aortic valve. Each of the four areas to auscultate will give a distinct sound to know the function of the heart. For example, the murmur of aortic stenosis often radiates to the neck in the direction of arterial flow, on the right side.
Moreover, assessment of the fingers and toes are important for capillary refill or any signs of cyanosis. Marfan’s syndrome is characterized by arachnodactyly, which is linked to mitral/aortic valve prolapse and aortic dissection. Also, finger clubbing is the loss of the usual angle between the nail and the nail bed due to homogeneous soft tissue enlargement of the terminal phalanx of a finger. Congenital cyanotic heart disease, infective endocarditis, and atrial myxoma are the most common underlying disease processes linked with finger clubbing in a cardiovascular assessment. The evaluation of the temperature of the patient’s hands helps with indications of appropriate perfusion. The presence of cool hands may indicate a lack of peripheral perfusion, such as cardiac failure or acute coronary syndrome. Acute coronary syndrome is often linked with cool, damp, or clammy hands. In conclusion, there is extensive information to assist the practitioner in performing the appropriate assessment to rule out any cardiac disease.
Reference
Bickley, L. S. (2021). Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. (13th ed.).Philadelphia: Wolters-Kluwer.
SCIENCE
HEALTH SCIENCE
NURSING
MSN 572
My edit my draft below. According to Bates (2021), the cardiovascular examination entails prope
