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atch the following risk factors for pressure injury/ulcers with the correct definitions.
A.Mechanical loads
B.shearing force 
C.friction
D.Immobility
E.Inadequate Nutrition
F.Facial &urinary incontinence
G.Diminished sensation / Mental status
H.Excessive body heat
I.Advanced age
J.Chronic medical conditions

Outside forces that cause tissue damage by reducing blood flow. The result is that tissues become hypoxic and cannot sustain adequate oxygenation and perfusion and the tissue dies. Death of tissue results in necrosis and pressure injury/ulcers.

 

Can occur in patients with an infectious process as microorganisms and pathogens infect a patient’s tissues and / or blood supply. People with infections often have fevers, which mean the patient is diaphoretic. 

Moisture occurs from various sources promoting skin softening and the epidermis becomes easily eroded and susceptible to injury. Digestive enzymes can be very acidic, causing skin excoriation while microorganisms that can lead to infection if left for prolonged periods of time.

 

When pressure is exerted parallel to the body’s surface, meaning when patients are pulled, moved or repositioned in bed or by continuously sliding down from high Fowler’s position. Skin and subcutaneous layers adhere to bed while muscle & bones slide in direction of body movement. Bone’s slide into skin exerting force and tissue capillaries are compressed and severed by pressure. 

 

Causes weight loss, muscle atrophy, and loss of subcutaneous tissue. When the skins fatty layer is lost, boney prominences are more at risk for developing pressure areas. 

 

Is the mechanical force when skin is dragged across a course surface (e.g. bed linen). Injuries affect the epidermis, so abrasions are generally shallow (e.g. elbows, heels). 

A patient stays in one position too long from conditions such as paralysis or extreme weakness, creating pressure points.

 

A reduced level of awareness often means patients are unable to communicate when they are experiencing pain from prolonged pressure. This may include the patient who is unconscious or heavily sedated. Patients with neurological disorders such as paralysis or stroke often lose the ability to feel pain, heat, and cold in the same manner.

 

Thin and frail skin can cause an altered cell proliferation, reduction in the immune response, reduced collagen formation impairing vascularity, tissue sensation and tissue density. There is a loss of lean body mass, thinning of the epidermis, decreased elasticity of the skin, increased dryness, diminished pain perception, and decreased peripheral perfusion.

 

Conditions such as cardiac disease, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes, and from certain medications, means tissues are not receiving appropriate blood flow to an area.

SCIENCE
HEALTH SCIENCE
NURSING
RPNR 020

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