1.In the case of severe liver disease, which of the following factors directly affects the energy me. Question
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1.In the case of severe liver disease, which of the following factors directly affects the energy metabolism of the brain: A.Ammonia B.Phenylethanolamine C.Valine D.Octopamine E. Urea 2.A 63-year-old man with a long history of alcohol had a 5-year history of cirrhosis, suddenly vomited 400ml blood and had melena of about 600ml for 3 times, and then entered a coma which of the following is the mechanism by L-dopa can treat patient with coma: A.Reduce the entry of aromatic amino acids into brain tissue B.Formation of true neurotransmitters C.Reduce blood ammonia D. Increase the entry of branched- chain amino acids into brain tissue E. Competitive inhibition of false neurotransmitter 3.A 35-year-old male patient with sepsis has oliguria during treatment and ecchymosis at the injection site. Hemoglobin 90g/L (normal value 110~150 g/L), white blood cell 3.8 x109/L [normal value (4-10)× 109/L], platelet 40×109/L [normal value (100-300)× 109], abnormal red blood cells can be seen in blood smears; urine protein++ red blood cell++, granular cast 0 to 1/HP; prothrombin time prolonaed, 3P test(+). The patient’s diagnosis may be A. Chronic glomerulonephritis B. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purple C.hemophilia D. aplastic blood E.disseminated intravascular coagulation 4.Which of the following is not the cause of metabolic acidosis? A.Diabetes B.Renal Failure C. Pyloric obstruction D. Heart failure E. Shock 5.Which of the following concept for disease is most appropriate? A.Disease is an aberrant manifestation of organ dysfunction B.Disease is the manifestation of cell damage C.Disease is an unhealthy life process D. Disease is an incoordination to external environment E.Disease is an aberrant manifestation of deregulated homeostasis caused hv harmful agents 6.A 40-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his friend after nausea, profuse vomiting, and frequent urination over the past 24 hours. He is stuporous and weak with deep, labored breathing. His friend says he was on a long hike when he began to feel very fatigued and his symptoms started. The patient’s medical history includes diabetes mellitus type 1. Physical examination shows pallor, dry mucous membranes, diaphoresis and tachycardia. Laboratory studies are pending. Which of the following is the most significant whole-body electrolyte status in this patient’s condition? A.Hypercarbia B.Hypokalemia C.hypocalcemia D.Hyperkalemia E.Hypernatremia 7.The diagnostic criteria of oxygen index of respiratory failure is A.PaO2<40mmHg B.PaO2<60mmHg C.PaO2<70mmHg D.PaO2<50mmHg E.PaO2<30mmHg 8.The pathophysiological basis of the clinical manifestations of heart fallure is: A.volume overload B.Myocardial energy metabolism disorder C.Pressure Overload D. Myocardial Infarction E.Cardiac Output Is insufficient and reflux is obstructed 9.The effect of metabolic acidosis on the body is shown as ; A.All of the above B.Ventricular arrhythmia C.Consciousness disorder D.Decreased blood vessel reactivity to catecholamine E.Decreased myocardial contractility 10.Pulmonary circulation congestion caused by left-sided heart failure is mainly manifested as; A.Dyspnea B.Arrhythmia C.Jugular vein distention D. Lower extremity Edema E.Enlarged liver 11.The pathogenesis of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia is mainly related to which factor as following? A. Stasis of blood flow in small blood vessels B.Massive damage to microvascular endothelial cell C.Destructive effects of white blood cells D.Platelets Damage E. Fibrin strands in the microvascular 12.33-year-old male with a history of hepatitis B for more than 10 years, with recurrent ecchymosis on the skin and mucosa, gingival bleeding, and brown urine in the past 2 days.Clinical test: thrombin time 20 seconds (normal: 11 13 seconds), platelet 38x10^9 /L(normal: 100-300)x10^9 /L)the bleeding tendency of patient is mainly due to A. Liver destroys platelets B.Increased pressure in capillaries C. Reduced production of coagulation factors D. Fibrinogen Utilization barriers E. increase production of heparin. 13.The etiological factor involved in the penicillin-induced allergy belongs to A.Nutritional factor B.Genetic factor C.Chemical factor D. Immunological Factor E. Biological factor 14.Increased plasma aromatic amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy is due to A. Increased hyperglucagonism and insufficiency of aromatic amino acid elimination in the liver B. Decreased catabolism in skeletal muscles and fatty acids C. Hypoinsulinemia D. Hyperinsulinemia E. Decreased aromatic amino acid elimination 15.The following statements about ischemia reperfusion are false. A. Excessive tree radical generation and calcium overload are the main pathogenesis of ischemia reperfusion injury. B. If the ischemia is too short or too long,ischemia reperfusion injury does not occur. C. Ischemia reperfusion is bound to cause tissue damage D. Ischemia reperfusion can lead to irreversible damage E. Ischemia reperfusion can occur in a variety of organs 16A 28-year-old woman presents to her physician's office with fatigue, malaise, and orthostatic dizziness. When asked what medications she is taking, she stated that she has been taking 800 mg ibuprofen four to six times a day for painful menstrual cramps. Serum creatinine was elevated to 2.1 mg/dL. Which of the following is most likely to produce an increase in GFR in patients with acute kidney injury? A.Contraction of glomerular mesangial cell B. Increase renin release from the juxtaglomerular apparatus C. Dilation of afferent arterioles D. Volume depletion E. Administration of angiotensin || 17.Hypertension and () are the two main causes of CKD. A.Drugs B.Dehydration C.Hemorrhage D.Diabetes E.Sepsis 18.What kind of hypoxia can be caused by cyanide poisoning (1.05) A.Histotoxic hypoxie B.Circulatory hypoxia C.Hypoxic hypoxia D.Hemic hypoxia E.Isotonic hypoxia 19.Which of the following is not a common precipitating of hepatic encephalopathy? A.Acidosis B.Infection C. Gastrointestinal bleedina D.constipation E. Diuretic abuse 20.Which kind of hypoxia caused by the following reasons does not belong to cyclic hypoxia. A.Anaphylactic shock B.Venous congestion C.Heart tailure D.Right to left shunt in congenital heart disease E.Pulmonary embolism 21.Which kind of hypoxia caused by the following reasons does not belong to cyclic hypoxia. A.Anaphylactic shock B.Venous congestion C. Heart tailure D. Right to left shunt in congenital heart disease E.Pulmonary embolism Ans; 22.In a fasting patient who has undergone an intestinal surgery, which of the following electrolyte disturbances is most likely occuring when he is only replaced by intravenous infusion of glucose solution? A. Hypokalemia B. Hyponatremia C. Hypophospatemia D. Hypomagnesemia E. Hypocalcemia 23.In the description of free radicals, the following errors are A.Free radicals in your body are harmfu B. A group of atoms, groups, and molecules containing a single unpaired electron in their outer orbital C. Superoxide anions are the basis for the production of other reactive oxygen species D. The chemical properties of free radicals are extremely reactive E. The production of large number of hydroxyl radicals requires the presence of transmission metals 24.A patient with renal failure presents to the clinic with increasing fatigue for the past month. Based on a thorough history and physical, as well as diagnostic testing, it is determined that the symptoms are caused by the loss of a hormone produced by the kidney. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Uremia B. Acidosis C. Hypertension D. Anemia E. Edema 25.Organs most prone to ischemia reperfusion injury are A.Liver B. Kidney C. Gastrointestinal tract D. Cardiac E. Lungs 26.Anion Gap(AG)normal metabolic acidosis is common in A. Pyloric obstruction B.Severe hyperkalemia C. Diarrhea D.Severe renal failure E. anemia 27.A 69-year-old man presents with symptoms of thirst and dizziness, and physical evidence of orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia, decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, and reduced jugular venous pressure. He was recently placed on an angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitor for his hypertension. Urinalysis reveals a reduction in the fractional excretion of sodium and the presence of acellular hyaline casts. The internist suspects acute renal failure of prerenal origin associated with increased renin secretion by the kidney. A stimulus for increasing renal renin secretion is an increase in which of the following? A. Atrial natriuretic peptide B. Angiotensin || C.Sympathetic Nerve activity D. Mean blood pressure E. GFR. 28.The mechanism of increased neutrophils infiltration in tissues during reperfusion may be A.The role of complement B.The action of histamine and kinin C.The function of leukotriene D. The role of arachidonic acid metabolite! E.The role of chemotactic inflammatory mediators 29.Dehydration increases the plasma concentration of all the following hormones except; A. Norepinephrine B. Angiotensin || C. Vasopressin D. Aldosterone E. Atrial natriuretic peptide. 30.Which cation being of largest concentration in ECF? A. Iron ion B. Potassium ion C. Magnesium ion D. Sodium ion E. Calcium ion 31.Which of the following is a common complication of hepatic insufficiency: A.Pulmonary embolism B.Encephalopathy C.Myocardial infarction D.Polycythemia E.Spleen rupture 32.Which of the following is not the manifestations of hepatic insufficiency: A.lipid metabolism disorder B.Electrolyte metabolism disorder C.Acidosis D.Dysfunction of bilirubin elimination E.Dysfunction of immunity 33.Which of the following description about hepatic insufficiency is the best: A.Severe metabolic disorder syndrome B.It's hepatic encephalopathy C.It is a syndrome caused by severe damage to liver parenchymal cells and Kupffer cells D.Usually occurs in explosive hepatitis E.Often occurs in patients with cirrhosis 34.The bleeding tendency of patients with hepatic insufficiency is mainly due to: A.Increased production of heparin B.Liver destroys platelets C.Increased pressure in capillaries D.Reduced production of coagulation factors E.Fibrinogen utilization barriers 35.Patients with hepatic dysfunction who ingest glucose may: A.Hypoglycemia B.Blood sugar is normal C.instant hyperglycemia D.persistent increase in blood sugar E.Hypoglycemia followed by hyperglycemia 36.The mechanism of false neurotransmitters-induced encephalopathy is A.Impairment of energy metabolism in brain B.Impairment of nerve cell membrane C.Nerve cell membrane hyperpolarization D.Imbalances of plasma amino acid E.Replacement of true transmitters, but with much weaker activity. 37.Which of the following is the cause of decreased plasma branched chain amino acid in hepatic encephalopathy? A.Increased hepatic destruction of BCAA B.Hyperinsulinemia C.Decreased branched chain amino acid production D.Increased plasma aromatic amino acids E.Plasma branched chain amino acid leave circulations and enter the central nervous system 38.Increased plasma aromatic amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy is due to: A.Hyperinsulinemia B.Increased hyperglucagonism and insufficiency of aromatic amino acid elimination in the liver C.Decreased catabolism in skeletal muscles and fatty tissue D.Hypoinsulinemia E.Decreased aromatic amino acid elimination 39.Which of the following is not a common precipitating of hepatic encephalopathy? A.Gastrointestinal bleeding B.Acidosis C.Constipation D.Infection E. Diuretic abuse 40.Hepatic encephalopathy is: A.Liver disease complicated with brain diseases B.Hepatic failure complicated by cerebral edema C.Coma due to hepatic failure D.Neuropsychic abnormalities due to hepatic failure E.Mental disorders due to hepatic failure 41.Which of the following is not changes of Hemodynamic Parameters in low output heart failure: A.Increased Cardiac Output B.Deceased Cardiac Index C.Decreased Ejection Fraction and dp/dt Max D.Increased VEDV and VEDP E.Changes of Arterial Blood Pressure 42.Which of the following is wrong about the mechanism of reduced myocardial contractility in heart failure? A.Dysfunction of Excitation Contraction Coupling B.Disorder in myocardial energy metabolism C.Cardiomyocyte necrosis D.Increase of myocardial sympathetic nerve density E.Cardiomyocyte apoptosis 43.The pathophysiological basis of the clinical manifestations of heart failure is: A.Pressure overload B.volume overload C.Cardiac output is insufficient and reflux is obstructed D.Myocardial energy metabolism disorder E.Myocardial infarction 44.Which of the following factors can lead to left ventricular pressure overload? A.increased pulmonary circulation resistance B.Hypertension C.increased cardiac output D.Aortic Regurgitation E.Pulmonary hypertension 45.Which of the following statements about orthopnea A.It means that dyspnea occurs when a patient is at a horizontal position . B.Dyspnea alleviates at a standing, sitting or semi-supine position. C.The patient is compelled to take a sitting position. D.It means that dyspnea occurs when a patient is at a standing, sitting or semi-supine position. E.The diaphragm moves upwards and decreases vital capacity at a horizontal 46.At least under which blood pressure will decrease the blood flow into the kidney? A.Blood pressure is less than 40mmHg B.Blood pressure is less than 50mmHg C.Blood pressure is less than 70mmHg D.Blood pressure is less than 80mmHg E.Blood pressure is less than 90mmHg 47.which is the most common cause of intrinsic kidney injury? A.Calculi B.Neurogenic factors C.Tumors D.Acute pyelonephritis E.Acute tubular necrosis 48.Which of the following is the major acid-base disorder in ARF? A.Metabolic Acidosis B.Respiratory Acidosis C.Metabolic Alkalosis D.Respiratory Alkalosis E.Mixed Acid-base disorder 49.Which of the following decrease act as central role in pathogenesis of ARF? A.GFR B.Blood flow C.Tubular reabsorbtion function D.Tubular excretion function E.renal endocrine dysfunction 50.A patient with renal failure presents to the clinic with increasing fatigue for the past month. Based on a thorough history and physical, as well as diagnostic testing, it is determined that the symptoms are caused by the loss of a hormone produced by the kidney. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A.Acidosis B.Anemia C.Edema D.Hypertension E.Uremia
SCIENCE
HEALTH SCIENCE
NURSING
BIOS 162
1.In the case of severe liver disease, which of the following factors directly affects the energy me
